Tag: example – profit split

TPG2022 Chapter II paragraph 2.179

Asset-based or capital-based profit splitting factors can be used where there is a strong correlation between tangible assets or intangibles, or capital employed and creation of value in the context of the controlled transaction. In order for a profit splitting factor to be meaningful, it should be applied consistently to all the parties to the transaction. See paragraph 2.104 for a discussion of comparability issues in relation to asset valuation in the context of the transactional net margin method, which is also valid in the context of the transactional profit split method. Example 15 in Annex II to this chapter illustrates the principles of this section ... Read more

TPG2022 Chapter II paragraph 2.164

For example, two associated enterprises, each with its own manufacturing specialisation and unique and valuable intangibles, agree to contribute the intangibles to produce innovative, complex products. The accurate delineation of the transaction determines that the enterprises in this example share the assumption of risks associated with the success or otherwise of the products in the marketplace. However, they do not share the assumption of risks associated with their selling and other expenses, which are largely unintegrated. Using a profit split based on combined operating profits after all expenses of both parties would have the potential result of sharing the consequences of risks that are assumed by only one of the parties. In such cases, a splitting of gross profits may be more appropriate and reliable since this level of profits captures the outcomes of market and production activities that the parties share together with the assumption of associated risks. Similarly, in the case of associated enterprises that engage in highly ... Read more

TPG2018 Chapter II paragraph 2.183

In some cases, a significant issue for the reliability of cost-based splitting factors is the determination of the relevant period of time from which the elements of determination of the profit splitting factor(s) (e.g. assets, costs, or others) should be taken into account. A difficulty arises because there can be a lag between the time when expenses are incurred and the time when value is created, and it is sometimes difficult to decide which period’s expenses should be used. For example, in the case of a cost-based factor, using the expenditure on a single-year basis may be suitable for some cases, while in some other cases it may be more suitable to use accumulated expenditure (net of depreciation or amortisation, where appropriate in the circumstances) incurred in the previous as well as the current years. Depending on the facts and circumstances of the case, this determination may have a significant effect on the allocation of profits amongst the parties. As ... Read more

TPG2018 Chapter II paragraph 2.182

In identifying and applying appropriate cost-based profit splitting factors a number of issues may need to be considered. One is that there may be differences between the parties in the timing of expenditure. For example, research and development costs that are relevant to the value of a party’s contributions may have been incurred several years in the past, whereas the expenditure for another party may be current. As a result, it may be necessary to bring historic costs to current values (as discussed further below) in addition to the risk weighting described in paragraph 2.181. The relevant costs may be part of a larger cost pool that needs to be analysed and allocated to the contributions made to the profit split transaction. For example, marketing costs may be incurred and recorded across several product lines, whereas only one product line is the subject of the profit split transaction. Where location savings retained by member(s) of the MNE group are a ... Read more

TPG2018 Chapter II paragraph 2.181

A profit splitting factor based on expenses may be appropriate where it is possible to identify a strong correlation between relative expenses incurred and relative value contributed. For example, marketing expenses may be an appropriate factor for distributors-marketers if advertising generates unique and valuable marketing intangibles, e.g. in consumer goods where the value of marketing intangibles is affected by advertising. Research and development expenses may be suitable for manufacturers if they relate to the development of unique and valuable intangibles such as patents. However, if, for instance, each party contributes different valuable intangibles, then it is not appropriate to use a cost- based factor unless cost is a reliable measure of the relative value of those intangibles or costs can be risk-weighted to achieve a reliable measure of relative value. Even where each party contributes the same kind of intangibles, risk-weighting will be an appropriate consideration. For example, where the risk of failure at an early stage of development is ... Read more

TPG2018 Chapter II paragraph 2.180

Where one or more of the parties to a transaction for which the transactional profit split method is found to be the most appropriate makes a contribution in the form of intangibles, difficult issues can arise in relation both to their identification and to their valuation. Guidance on the identification and valuation of intangibles is found at Chapter VI of these Guidelines. See also the examples in the Annex to Chapter VI “Examples to illustrate the guidance on intangibles.” ... Read more

TPG2018 Chapter II paragraph 2.179

Asset-based or capital-based profit splitting factors can be used where there is a strong correlation between tangible assets or intangibles, or capital employed and creation of value in the context of the controlled transaction. In order for a profit splitting factor to be meaningful, it should be applied consistently to all the parties to the transaction. See paragraph 2.104 for a discussion of comparability issues in relation to asset valuation in the context of the transactional net margin method, which is also valid in the context of the transactional profit split method. Example 15 in Annex II to this chapter illustrates the principles of this section ... Read more

TPG2018 Chapter II paragraph 2.164

For example, two associated enterprises, each with its own manufacturing specialisation and unique and valuable intangibles, agree to contribute the intangibles to produce innovative, complex products. The accurate delineation of the transaction determines that the enterprises in this example share the assumption of risks associated with the success or otherwise of the products in the marketplace. However, they do not share the assumption of risks associated with their selling and other expenses, which are largely unintegrated. Using a profit split based on combined operating profits after all expenses of both parties would have the potential result of sharing the consequences of risks that are assumed by only one of the parties. In such cases, a splitting of gross profits may be more appropriate and reliable since this level of profits captures the outcomes of market and production activities that the parties share together with the assumption of associated risks. Similarly, in the case of associated enterprises that engage in highly ... Read more